Wednesday, March 14, 2012
#15 research & inspiration
My research that i did for this was try to find out how to make the paper back ground and how people wrote things in the old days, I decided to to flowers in my background and letter because they were a popular choice to put on written things back then. I choose the song Heart Breaker by Taio Cruz. It starts with woah woah, so thats why my big letter was a W. This was a good experience for me because it thought me how i could make better backgrounds and how to use brushes.
Thursday, March 8, 2012
Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD
What is an abacus?
an instrument that was able to perform simple math calculations
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
programmable computer
Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
for gunnery and ballistic calculations
Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
Census Bureau
What does UNIVAC stand for?
Universal Automatic Computer
What is FORTRAN? mathematical formula translating syster
Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
a more user-friendly tool
What is the significance of ARPnet?
the first internet
developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computer
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.first single chip microprocessor
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
Memory Disk
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
first Ethernet computer network
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Altair
TRS-80
Commodore PET
In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?the MS-DOS Computer Operating System
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Apple
What is GUI?
Graphical User Interface
Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
Apple Macintosh Computer
The commercial only ran one time. When?Super Bowl
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?Windows Operating System
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
developed in 1989and introduced in 1990
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
intehidden features
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
Photoshop:
belching Cat
Merlin the Wizard
Tiger Mountain
Adobe Space Monkey
Dark Matter
Strange Cargo Credits
Illustrator
Funky Venus Picture
Pixel Show
Birthday Cake Brush.
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
Holigrams will be possible
an instrument that was able to perform simple math calculations
In 1936, Zuse invented this type of computer?
programmable computer
Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?
for gunnery and ballistic calculations
Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
Census Bureau
What does UNIVAC stand for?
Universal Automatic Computer
In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?Internation Business Machines
What is FORTRAN? mathematical formula translating syster
Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
a more user-friendly tool
What is the significance of ARPnet?
the first internet
developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computer
In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.first single chip microprocessor
In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
Memory Disk
In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
first Ethernet computer network
During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Altair
Apple 1
Apple 2
TRS-80
In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?the MS-DOS Computer Operating System
In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Apple
What is GUI?
Graphical User Interface
Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
Apple Macintosh Computer
The commercial only ran one time. When?Super Bowl
In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?Windows Operating System
Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
developed in 1989and introduced in 1990
Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
intehidden features
Search for easter eggs in Photoshop and Illustrator. List a few in this post ... and try to find them in the applications.
Photoshop:
belching Cat
Merlin the Wizard
Tiger Mountain
Adobe Space Monkey
Dark Matter
Strange Cargo Credits
Illustrator
Funky Venus Picture
Pixel Show
Birthday Cake Brush.
Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
Holigrams will be possible
Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD
Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?
In engravings
What is a camera obscura?
It's an optical device
Post an example of a camera obscura.
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
Scholars use it for the safe observation of solar eclipses and the phases of the moon. Artists used it to trace the outside of scenes
From where did the photographic camera develop?
Camera obscura
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
Sir John Hershel; Greek words of "light" and "writing"
Post an the first photograph.
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
Joseph Niepce
Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Louis Daguerre; advantages are that they could be made permanent by soaking them in salt. Disadvantages were that they could not be copied
Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
William Fox Talbot; advantages were that it produced negative images and unlimited amounts of duplicates could be made. Disadvantages were that quality was inferior to the striking images produced by the Daguerrotype
Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Frederick Scott Archer; advantages were that it reduced exposure to two or three seconds and the cost was significantly less Disadvantages were that plates had to be exposed and developed immediately when they were still wet.
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Richard Maddox; advantages were that it used gelatin instead of glass . Disadvantages were that photography at this point were still too complicated.
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
He invented roll film . Kodak.
Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
He introduced the Brownie in 1900
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?
He patented polarize light filters . He established Polaroid.
Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
60 seconds
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
He was known for his work using multiple cameras
Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope?
A device used to project a series of images
Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?
He used a series of large cameras placed in a line
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?
Individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel
Post a photo of a motion picture projector
What is a motion picture projector?
It Shines light and shows a moving picture
In engravings
What is a camera obscura?
It's an optical device
Post an example of a camera obscura.
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?
Scholars use it for the safe observation of solar eclipses and the phases of the moon. Artists used it to trace the outside of scenes
From where did the photographic camera develop?
Camera obscura
Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
Sir John Hershel; Greek words of "light" and "writing"
Post an the first photograph.
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?
Joseph Niepce
Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Louis Daguerre; advantages are that they could be made permanent by soaking them in salt. Disadvantages were that they could not be copied
Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
William Fox Talbot; advantages were that it produced negative images and unlimited amounts of duplicates could be made. Disadvantages were that quality was inferior to the striking images produced by the Daguerrotype
Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Frederick Scott Archer; advantages were that it reduced exposure to two or three seconds and the cost was significantly less Disadvantages were that plates had to be exposed and developed immediately when they were still wet.
Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
Richard Maddox; advantages were that it used gelatin instead of glass . Disadvantages were that photography at this point were still too complicated.
Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish?
He invented roll film . Kodak.
Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
He introduced the Brownie in 1900
What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?
He patented polarize light filters . He established Polaroid.
Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
60 seconds
What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
He was known for his work using multiple cameras
Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope?
A device used to project a series of images
Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?
He used a series of large cameras placed in a line
In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?
Individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel
Post a photo of a motion picture projector
What is a motion picture projector?
It Shines light and shows a moving picture
The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD
Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
Christopher Sholes.
What is a "stenographer"?
Someone that transcribed documents, etc.
Post an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
Because Clephane was a stenographer and Sholes realized that stenographers would be among the first and most important users of the typewriter.
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
Because he realized that the typewriter still only solved part of his problem, because it still took a long time to typeset and copy the words.
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler.
What is meant by "typesetting"?
The arrangement of the type.
Post an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
It allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand. The machine produced a solid line of type by casting hot lead into a series of molds
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
It made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.
Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
There was no shift key and uppercase letters had separate keys from lowercase letters.
Post an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
The assembled line of type that is cast as a single piece.
Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
It allowed for fast and efficient typing and printing. It was made available all around the world.
Christopher Sholes.
What is a "stenographer"?
Someone that transcribed documents, etc.
Post an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?
Because Clephane was a stenographer and Sholes realized that stenographers would be among the first and most important users of the typewriter.
After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
Because he realized that the typewriter still only solved part of his problem, because it still took a long time to typeset and copy the words.
Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
Ottmar Mergenthaler.
What is meant by "typesetting"?
The arrangement of the type.
Post an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
It allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand. The machine produced a solid line of type by casting hot lead into a series of molds
How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
It made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.
Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
There was no shift key and uppercase letters had separate keys from lowercase letters.
Post an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
The assembled line of type that is cast as a single piece.
Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?
It allowed for fast and efficient typing and printing. It was made available all around the world.
The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD
What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.
How did the printing press work?
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
Post an example of movable type in a type case.
What is moveable type?
What is a matrix?
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
What is a "substrate"?
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press?
Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?
What was the first book he printed?
Post an example of this book.
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
Who introduced the printing press to England?
What was the early form of newspapers?
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
Post an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.
How did the printing press work?
What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
Post an example of movable type in a type case.
What is moveable type?
What is a matrix?
What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
What is a "substrate"?
Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press?
Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?
What was the first book he printed?
Post an example of this book.
How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
Who introduced the printing press to England?
What was the early form of newspapers?
When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
Post an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD
Post an example of a scroll.
What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
Post an example of a codex.
What is a codex?
"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
What were the advantages of using the codex?
What helped spread the use of the codex?
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
What is vellum?
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
Post an example of a codex.
What is a codex?
"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
What were the advantages of using the codex?
What helped spread the use of the codex?
What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
What is vellum?
Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC
What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
From where did serifs originate?
When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.
What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
From where did serifs originate?
When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.
The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC
How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?
Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?
Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form.
How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?
Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?
Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?
Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form.
The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC
The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?
Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.
Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?
Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.
Hieroglyphics and the Egyptians | 3,000 BC
In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt?
Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.
What was discovered on the inside of the temples?
Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?
The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
What is a scribe?
Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.
What is papyrus and how was it made?
What is a substrate?
What were the Books of the Dead?
How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.
What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?
What three languages are included on the stone?
Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?
Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?
Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.
What was discovered on the inside of the temples?
Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?
The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
What is a scribe?
Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.
What is papyrus and how was it made?
What is a substrate?
What were the Books of the Dead?
How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.
What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?
What three languages are included on the stone?
Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?
Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?
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